Important points in Crop Physiology

1

Nucleus was discovered by robart brown in – Orchid root cell

2

Plasmodesmata were discvored by – Strausburger

3

The part of endoplasmic reticulum present in a plasmodesmata is called – Desmotubule

4

De Duve discvored lysosomes from – Rat liver cells

5

Ribosomes are produced in – nucleus

6

In chloroplast the chlorophyll present in – thylakoid 

7

Loss of water in the form of water vapor by stomata  called- Transpiration

8

Loss of water in the form of water droplets by Hydathodes called - Guttation

9

Sapwood has - 35-75% water and Heartwood has - 5-15% water

10

The water potential and osmotic potential of pure water is- Zero

11

The heat energy required to raise temperature of a substance by a specific amount  called - Specific heat

12

The energy needed to separate molecules from liquid phase and move them into gas phase at consent temperature called - Latent heat of vaporization

13

Mutual attraction between same molecules – Cohesion

14

Attraction of water to a solid phase – Adhesion

15

Cohesion, adhesion and surface tension give rise to a phenomenon of - Capillarity

16

Maximum force per unit area that a continuous column of water can withstand – Tensile strength

17

Cohesion gives water a - high tensile strength

18

Formation of gas bubbles in a column of water under tension is     – Cavitation

19

The integral membrane proteins that form water selective channels across membrane  called – Aquaporins

20

Movement of particles or molecules from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration - Diffusion

21

The pressure created by the diffusion particles - Diffusion pressure

22

The diffusion of solvent molecules into the solution through semipermeable membrane is called– Osmosis

23

The pressure created by dissolved solutes in solution is - Osmotic pressure

24

Rate of diffusion is directly proportional to the concentration gradient - Fick’s law

25

The amount of substance crossing a unit area per unit time (Mol m^-2 s^-1) - Flux density

26

Measure of characteristic movement of substances through a particular medium -  Diffusion coefficient

27

A pressure developed inside the cell as a result of entry of water into cell - Turgor pressure

28

Solution whose osmotic pressure is lower - Hypotonic solution

29

Solution whose whose osmotic pressure is higher - Hypertonic solution

30

Diffusion of solvents molecules will not take place. i.e., Both solutions are in equilibrim - Isotonic solution

31

Dry seeds when placed on moist filter paper absorb water and swell up due to - Imbibition

32

When cell kept in hypotonic solution the entry of water into cell from outside called - Endosmosis 

33

When cell kept hypertonic solution. “Water goes out of cell sap into outer solution called –Exosmosis

34

The degree of opening of stomata is measured  by - Porometer

35

Active k+ exchange mechanism for opning and closing of stomata was given by – Levitt

36

Guttation is due to- Higher root pressure

37

 The most accepted theory for ascent of sap is - transpiration pull theory

38

 Transpiration is a necessary evil” this statement given by- Curtis

39

The potential solutes which reduces the free energy of water - Solute potential

40

The hydrostatic pressure of solution is -  Pressure potential

41

Shrinkeage of cell when put into a hypertonic solution - Plasmolysis

42

Bulk flow of solutes & water within sieve tube occurs along gradients in -hydrostatic pressure (not by osmosis)

43

Triple point of water - 273.16 K or 0.01⁰C

44

Surface tension of water - 72.86 mNm^-1 or 7.28 x 10^-8MPam

45

Specific heat of water - 4186 J Kg^-1K^-1

46

Viscosity of water - 1.002 centipoise at 20⁰C

47

Density of water - 0.998 g/cm³ at 20⁰c in liquid phase 0.92g/cm³ in solid phase (ice)

48

Latent heat of water -540 cal g^-1 (44 KJmol^-1)

49

Tendency of water molecule to get escape as vapour is called - Vapour pressure

50

The drop in vapour pressure is directly proportional to amount of salts added explaned by - Rault’s law

1

Free energy status of water is called - Water potential (WP)

2

Max. free energy (pure water) – WP is zero 

3

Water potential with respect to cell is - Ψ = Ψ_s+Ψ_p

4

Water potential with respect to soilis -Ψ = Ψ_m+Ψ_s+Ψ_g

5

Field capacity (upper limit) - - 0.03 MPa

6

Permanent wilting point (lower limit) -  - 1.5 to – 2.0 MPa

7

The difference between diffusion pressure of solution & it solvent at particular temperature and atmospheric condition is a Diffusion pressure defecit (DPD)         DPD= OP-WP and OP-TP

8

First step in water absorption by root is - Imbibition.

9

Xylem vessel elements found only in angiosperm not in gymnosperm except - gnetales.

10

Xylem tracheids found both in - angiosperms and gymnosperm

11

Root pressure will be < 0.1 MPa

12

Cavitation also called as embolism

13

Diffusion coefficient of water = 2.4 X 10^-5 m²s^-1

14

Average time required for water to escape from leaf= 0.042 S

15

Dumbell shaped guard cells found in - grasses and palms

16

Kidney shaped guard guard cells found in - monocots and dicots

17

Subsidary cells absent in kidney shaped guard cells

18

Transpiration ratio of C₄ plants(250) and C₃ Plants (50)

19

The water moves through cell walls without crossing any membranes called - Appoplast

20

The water moves from one cell to another cell through plasmodesmata called - Symplast

21

Water moves from one cell to another cell by crossing plasma membranes - Transmembrane pathway

22

Guttation occurs in -  Early morning

23

Guttation occurs due to -  Root pressure

24

Transpiration creates - Negative hydrostatic pressure

25

Roots creates - positive hydrostatic pressure

26

Water loss from cuticle- 5%

27

Resistance associated with diffusion through the stomatal pore for transpiration of water is -  Leaf stomatal resistance

28

Guard cells are - Specialized epidermal cell

29

The movement of substances against or up a gradient of chemical potential (low concentration to high concentration) is - active transport

30

The movement of substances along or down till a gradient of chemical potential (high concentration to low concentration) - Passive transport

31

Membrane transporter- Channel, Carriers and Pumps

32

Two substances/ ion are moving in the same direction through the membrane –Symport

33

The shade of a tree is cooler than the shade of a roof due to- Transpiration

34

One substances/ ion are moving inside the membrane and another substance/ ion  moving out of the membrane called -Antiport

35

End products of thylakoid membrane recation or light recation – ATP and NADPH

36

First action spectra measured - T.W. Engelmann

37

Strong reductant and weak oxidant produced in photosystem I (PSI)

38

Strong oxidant and weak reductant produced in photosystem II (PSII)

39

Emerson effect indicates the existence of – Two pigment system

40

Which wave length of light photosynthesis is maximum – Red light

41

Chemosynthetic bacteria obtained energy from – Inorganic substance

42

Energy reqired for ATP synthesis in PS II comes from – Proton gradient

43

Chlorophyll consists of – A head of four pyrrole ring and an alcoholic phytol tail

44

Electron donor to PS I is – Plastocyanin

45

Water soluble pigment is – Phycobilin

46

Rate of photosynthesis is independent of – Duration of light

47

Protoplasmic streaming theory of translocation of solutes was put forward by – De Vries

48

In cam plant the end product of dark fixation is – Malic acid

49

The pigment acts as a reaction center during photosynthesis – P ₇₀₀

50

In C4 plants CO2 combines with – Phosphoenol pyruvate (PEP)

1

Photo respiration is favored by – High O₂ and low CO₂

2

In photosynthesis energy from light reaction to dark reaction is transferred in the form of – ATP

3

Stomata of CAM plants – Open during the day and close at night

4

During photorespiration, the oxygen consuming reactions occurs in – stroma of chloroplast and peroxisome

5

Electrons from excited chlorophyll molecule of photosystem II are accepted by – Quinon

6

Cyclic photophosphorylation result in the formation of – ATP only

7

Photosynthetic membrane chloroplast are present in – Thylakoid membrane

8

Photosynthetic bacteria contain – PS I cycle

9

Bundle sheath cells are found in – C₄ plants

10

In photosynthesis, splitting of water molecule and release of oxygen is called – Photolysis

11

In C₄ plants fixation of carbon dioxide occurs in – Bundle sheath cell

12

Food in plant mainly transported as – Sucrose

13

At the end of glycolysis, six carbon compound ultimately change into – Pyruvic acid

14

Net gain of ATP molecules during aerobic respiration is – 36 molecule

15

How many ATP molecules produced by aerobic oxidation of one molecule of glucose is – 38 ATP

16

The pyruvic acid is formed during – Glycolysis cycle

17

Enzyme which helps in electron transfer is – Cytochrome

18

Last electron acceptor in respiration is – O₂

19

The process after glycolysis in anaerobic respiration is known as – Fermentation

20

Enzymes that take part in krebs cycle are located in – Mitochondrial matrix 

21

Intermediate state between aerobic and anaerobic cycle is – Glycolysis

22

The respiratory quotient during early stages of germination of castor seed is – <1

23

The intermediate compound that connects glycolysis to krebs (TCA) cycle is – Acetyl Co-A

24

Glycolysis produced 4 ATP + 2 NADPH = 10 ATP

25

Net ATP production in glycolysis is = 8 ATP

26

Krebs cycle produced 2 ATP + 8 NADH + 2 FADH₂ = 30 ATP

27

Net ATP produced from aerobic respiration Glycolysis (2 ATP) + Krebs cycle (2ATP)+ Electron transport chain (32 ATP) = total 36 ATP

28

Energy required during calvin cycle – 9ATP and 6 NADPH

29

Total ATP produced in TCA cycle in eukaryotic cells – 30 ATP

30

During anaerobic respiration in plant, sucrose is converted into – Alcohol

31

Oxidative phosphorylation refers to – production of ATP by chemiosmosis

32

Cellular respiration occurs in – Mitochandria

33

Breaking of glycogen into glucose is called – Glycogenolysis

34

Site of EMP pathway is – Cytosol

35

Electron transport chain present in – Inner mitochondrial membrane

36

Each molecule of NADP release how many number of ATP molecule – 3 ATP

37

Auxin was discovered by -  Darwin

38

Auxin was first isolated by- F W Went

39

Auxin was extracted from human urine by – kogl and haggen smith

40

Transport of auxin is predominantly – polar movement

41

The growth of plant, under favourable conditions - Sigmoid curve                                                                                       

42

Biologically active Auxin is- Free form

43

Apical dominance results due to Auxin was first pointed out by     - Skoog and thimman

44

Chemical nature of GA3 is  - Terpene

45

The mechanism by which ABA causes stomatal closure is - Inhibith H⁺ /K⁺  ion exchangepumps

46

Precursor for ABA synthesis is - mevalonic acid (vialoxanthin)

47

Biosynthesis of ABA takes place in -  Plastids and cytoplasm

48

Precussor for synthesis of brassinosteroid is – campasterol

49

Hormone used to increase latex flow in rubber is – Ethylene

50

Hormone used to increase berry size of seedless fruits are – Gibberellic acid

1

 Hormone used in malting industry is – Gibberellic acid

2

 Hormone used to induce male sterility in sunflower – Gibberellic acid

3

Paclobutrazol inhibit GA by - Inhibiting conversion of kaurene to kaurenoic acid 

4

Chemical substances that reduce internodal growth without having any phytotoxic effects on plants are called – Growth retardants

5

 Chemical substances that reduce intermodal growth and also activity of other hormones of     plants are called - Growth inhibitors

6

Chemical used to break alternate bearing in mango is –Paclobutazol

7

. Photosynthesis is inhibited by O₂ is called – Warburg effect

8

Chemical used to synchronize flowering in pineapple is – Naphthalene acetic acid

9

Radioactive isotope of carbon (¹⁴c) was discovered by - Ruben &Kamen Calvin

10

Strong reductant produced to reduced NADP⁺ in – PS I

11

Glucose- 6 – phosphate is called – Robimon’s ester

12

112. Fructose – 6 – phosphate is called Neroberg’s ester

13

113. Fructose – 1 – 6– bisphosphate is called – Harden & Young’s ester

14

Krebs cycle takes place in -  Mitochondria

15

Glycolysis is also called Embden – Meyerhof-paranas pathway(EMP)

16

Cyanide resistant respiration is also called - Thermogenic respiration

17

Cyanide resistant respiration facilitates plants by  - Generating heat to volatilize aromatic compounds

18

Main enzyme involved in ABA biosynthesis is - NCED

19

 Stress responsive genes are activated by - ABA 

20

Signal for ABA production during stress comes from - Root 

21

 Hormone inducing cell elongation & expansion, desired from protein is – Brassinosteroid

22

Sulphur containing Amino acid are – Cysteine and Methionine

23

Basic amino acids are – Lysine, Arginine and Histidine

24

Enzumes are basically – Catalysts

25

Chemical substrate on which the enzymes act is called as – Substrate

26

Protein part of enzyme is often called as – Apoenzyme

27

Complete enzyme including the prosthetic group (non protein part) is called as – Holoenzyme

28

First discovered iso-enzyme is – Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)